广州龙康机电设备有限公司




国外化粪池建造

日期: 2018-11-09 16:06:56

 

西方人很早以前就发明的“自来水”、“坐便器”和“化粪池”等这几样东西,对提高人们居住环境的卫生水平,减少传染性疾病的蔓延和传播,延长人们的生存寿命,确实是起到了非常重要的作用。
根据西方国家网上的资料介绍了解到,与独立住宅相配套的“化粪池”,这一家庭生活污水处理装置,最早是由法国人发明的,距离现在,已经有近百年的历史了,后来,“化粪池”又经过了英国人、美国人的发扬光大,以后在西方世界,首先得以全面推开。
在“化粪池”的使用方面,西方人的一些理念和做法,很值得我们学习和借鉴。
下面介绍的内容,主要是针对建造标准稍高一点的“化粪池”类型而言,对于使用烧结粘土砖砌筑的略显简易一点的“化粪池”类型,或者是使用预制混凝土空心砌块,配合少量钢筋和现浇混凝土砌筑的“化粪池”类型,几乎没有涉及。
从国内前些年在乡下农村,曾经大力推广的“沼气池”项目的发展历程,到近几年来,乡下农村开展的“旱厕改造”项目的实施,可以看出,在乡下农村推广这些新生事物,里面有些具体做法,值得人们深思。
个人感觉,配合乡下农村,具有高效保温隔热、防水隔潮构造特点的现代独立住宅的设计建造,将人们习惯使用多年的传统的“室外露天旱厕”,迁入室内,建设成使用自来水水冲式的坐便器的卫生间,重点是照顾家庭中的老年人,特别是方便老年人在冬季使用,已成为国内乡下农村未来发展的一种趋势。
以下部分文字性的内容,来自国外某些网络上面。
Plastic Septic Tanks(塑料材质的化粪池)

The Advantages:(优点:)
There are many advantages to using a plastic septic tank over a concrete septic tank, which include, but are not limited to:
(相对于混凝土化粪池,使用塑料材质的化粪池,包括许多优点,但不限于下面这些:)
A plastic septic tank is more cost-effective than a concrete septic tank.
(塑料材质的化粪池比混凝土化粪池更具成本效益。)
Plastic septic tanks are very resistant to cracking, unlike concrete.
(塑料材质的化粪池非常耐裂,与混凝土不同。)
Plastic does not rust.
(塑料不生锈。)
As plastic weighs less than concrete, it is much easier to get a plastic septic tank into the location for installation.
(由于塑料重量小于混凝土,因此更容易将塑料材质的化粪池送入安装位置。)
Plastic septic tanks can be water-tight and corrosion proof.
(塑料材质的化粪池可以防水防腐。)
The Disadvantages:(缺点:)
There are many disadvantages to using a plastic septic tank over a concrete septic tank, which include, but are not limited to:
(相对于混凝土化粪池,使用塑料材质的化粪池,包括许多缺点,但不限于下面这些:)
Plastic septic tanks tend to have lower effluent levels, which may be discovered after a tank is opened for pumping.
(塑料材质的化粪池倾向于具有较低水平的流出物,这可在化粪池用泵打开之后发现。)
If not installed properly, a plastic septic tank can “float” to the surface of the ground.
(如果没有正确安装,塑料材质的化粪池可以“漂浮”到地面。)
Because plastic is such a light-weight material, it can be damaged at installation.
(由于塑料是一种轻质的材料,它在安装时,可能会损坏。)
Plastic septic tanks are not approved in all states of the US.
(美国所有的州,都不批准塑料材质的化粪池。)
When is a plastic septic tank appropriate? Plastic septic tanks can be the right choice when they are permissible in your state and when cost is a significant consideration. In the end, you must decide if a plastic septic tank is best for your project.
(什么时候可以采用塑料材质的化粪池? 当您的州允许使用塑料材质的化粪池时,以及当成本是一个重要考虑因素时,它是正确的选择。 最后,您必须决定一个塑料材质的化粪池是否最适合您的项目。)
Concrete Septic Tanks(混凝土材质的化粪池)
The Advantages:(优点:)
There are many advantages to using a concrete septic tank over a plastic septic tank, which include, but are not limited to:
(相对于塑料材质的化粪池,使用混凝土化粪池,包括许多优点,包括但不限于下面这些:)
Concrete septic tanks have higher effluent levels than plastic septic tanks.
(混凝土化粪池的排放水平高于塑料材质的化粪池。)
Because concrete tanks are heavy, there is no chance of floating, unlike plastic septic tanks.
(因为混凝土化粪池很重,没有机会漂浮,不像塑料材质的化粪池。)
Concrete tanks are long lasting and extremely durable.
(混凝土化粪池是持久的,非常耐用。)
These septic tanks are approved in all states of the US.
(这种化粪池已在美国所有州批准。)
The Disadvantages:(缺点:)
There are many disadvantages to using a concrete septic tank over a plastic septic tank, which include, but are not limited to:
(相对于塑料材质的化粪池,使用混凝土材质的化粪池,包括许多缺点,包括但不限于下面这些:)
Concrete septic tanks are very expensive.
(混凝土材质的化粪池非常昂贵。)
These septic tanks can crack under extreme circumstances.
(这种化粪池可在极端情况下破裂。)
Because concrete is heavy, it is very difficult to install.
(由于混凝土很重,很难安装。)
Though concrete tanks are very durable, they can crack and are more susceptible to leaks.
(虽然混凝土化粪池非常耐用,但它们可能破裂并且更容易泄漏。)
When is a concrete septic tank appropriate? When concrete is mandated by zoning codes, concrete septic tanks are appropriate. Additionally, septic professionals choose concrete when value is a more important consideration than cost.
(何时采用混凝土材质的化粪池? 当混凝土有地区规定时,混凝土化粪池是适当的。 此外,当价值是成本更重要的考虑时,化粪专业人员选择混凝土。)
Modern septic tanks come in a variety of shapes and sizes now with many different manufacturers.
(现代化粪池有各种形状和尺寸,现在有许多不同的制造商。)
Modern tanks are made from plastic or fiberglass but that doesn’t mean that traditional brick built and concrete formed tanks are any less effective.
现代化粪池由塑料或玻璃纤维制成,但这并不意味着传统的砖建造和混凝土成型的化粪池效果不大。
What is a Septic Tank?(什么是化粪池?)
Septic Tanks provide an onsite sewage disposal system for homes on the urban fringe and in rural or remote locations. Effluent flows from the toilet, bathroom, laundry and kitchen into a tank, where liquids, fats, oils and solids are separated. Bacteria in the septic tank consumes the effluent, and leaves behind a liquid which flows on to an evaporation transpiration field. The liquid is evaporated by wind and sun or transpired through plants.
(化粪池为城市边缘、农村或偏远地区的家庭,提供现场污水处理系统。流出物从厕所、浴室、洗衣房和厨房流入化粪池,在那里,液体、脂肪、油和固体被分离。化粪池中的细菌分解流出物,并留下液体,其流动到蒸发场。液体被风和太阳蒸发或通过植物蒸发。)
Although tanks are less expensive when made from plastic or fiberglass they are also much weaker and susceptible to being damaged during install.
(尽管由塑料或玻璃纤维制成的化粪池较便宜,但它们也较弱,并且在安装期间,容易损坏。)
Pre-cast concrete is said to gain in strength throughout the years while plastic and fiberglass both will deteriorate over time.
(预制混凝土据说在这些年里获得强度,而塑料和玻璃纤维都将随着时间而劣化。)
In addition, the tanks are watertight, durable, and stronger in general as a composite plastic or fiberglass tanks may break or collapse more easily if driven over.
(此外,箱体是防水的、耐用的,并且通常更强,因为复合塑料或玻璃纤维箱体,如果被移动,可能更容易破裂或塌陷。)
Overall, concrete is superior as it is a more permanent and environmentally safe green product.
总的来说,混凝土是优越的,因为它是更永久和环境安全的绿色产品。
The Concrete Septic Tank Advantage(混凝土化粪池的优势)
Durable Construction –  Long Lasting(耐用的结构 - 长期)
Eco-Friendly – Environmentally Safe(生态友好 - 环保)
Extreme Environment Tolerant(极端环境容忍)
Affordable Septic Tank Installation(负担得起的化粪池安装)
Accurate Installation / Setting(精确安装/设置)
Alternative uses include Potable Water Storage(替代用途,包括饮用水存储)
It is estimated that 40% of all new homes constructed will come equipped with a septic system to process human waste.(据估计,在建成的所有新房屋中,40%将配备一个化粪系统,来处理人类排泄物。)Conventional septic systems consist of two major components: the septic tank that collects the sewage from the home and provides primary solids separation and digestion, and the disposal field that disperses the settled septic tank effluent into the soil column.
(传统的化粪池系统,由两个主要部件组成:从家中收集污水,并提供初级固体分离和消化的化粪池,以及将沉降的化粪池污水,分散到土壤中的处理场。)
While this article will focus on the septic tank, it should be stressed that for a septic system to function properly, the tank and disposal field must be designed as a unit.
(虽然本文将重点介绍化粪池,但应强调的是,为了使化粪池系统正常工作,该化粪池和处置场,必须设计成一个整体。)
As a wastewater system designer, you need to know how to properly treat human waste for one very important reason: Improperly treated human feces are the prime breeding ground of potentially deadly diseases. This means that septic tanks are critical components of the local environment – they can be buried but should never be forgotten.
(作为污水处理系统的设计者,你需要知道如何正确处理人体废物,这是一个非常重要的原因:人粪便处理不当,是潜在致命疾病的主要滋生地。这意味着化粪池是当地环境的关键组成部分 -  他们可以埋没,但不应该被遗忘。)
Well-built and well-maintained septic tank systems are remarkable engineering designs.(精心设计和维护良好的化粪池系统,是一项了不起的工程设计。)
In fact, efficient, properly managed on-site wastewater treatment systems that include a septic tank system built to industry standards are a healthy, natural and environmentally responsible way for homeowners to process wastewater from toilets, showers, washing machines and sinks.
(事实上,包括按行业标准建造的高效的化粪池系统,适当管理的现场废水处理系统,对于房主处理来自厕所、淋浴器、洗衣机和水槽的废水,是一种健康、自然和对环境负责的方式。)
When septic systems fail, it isn’t pretty(当化粪池系统发生故障时,它并不完美)
When periodic checks of the water level in the septic tank reveal high levels during wet weather and/or low levels during dry weather, the tank is not watertight and could be failing.
(当化粪池中的水位的定期检查在潮湿天气期间显示高水平和/或在干燥天气期间显示低水平时,化粪池不防水并且可能失效。)
When a tank leaks, ground water passes through the tank during wet weather and untreated sewage leeches into the ground water during dry weather.
(当化粪池泄漏时,地下水在潮湿的天气期间通过化粪池,未经处理的污水在干燥的天气下进入地下水。)
Perhaps unnoticeable at first, soggy, unsanitary soil above the system’s failed drain field may be lying in wait for unsuspecting children or the family pet.
(起初可能不引人注意,系统失效的排水沟上方的潮湿,不卫生的土壤可能正在等待无知的孩子或家庭宠物。)
No matter where the failure occurs, this situation poses potential health risks, professional liability and costly major repairs.
(无论故障发生在哪里,这种情况都会带来潜在的健康风险、专业责任和昂贵的大型维修。)
Seven typical causes of septic system failure: (化粪池系统故障的七种典型原因:)
1. The septic tank is not designed or constructed according to standards to be watertight and structurally sound.
(1、化粪池没有根据防水和结构良好的标准进行设计或构造。)
2. The septic tank is too small for the number of people and the wastewater flow served by the tank.
(2、化粪池太小,人员和废水流量的多少决定化粪池的容量大小。)
3. The septic tank is not properly maintained; tank solids have built up and discharged to the drain field, causing clogging failure of the field.
(3、化粪池维护不当;化粪池内的固体,已经积聚,并流动到排放区域,导致油污堵塞故障。)
4. Excess flows are discharged into the tank, often from nondomestic sources.
(4、过量的水流,通常从非有害源,进入水箱。)
5. Toxic chemicals, large volume of solids or other materials besides sewage are discharged into the septic tank.
(5、有毒化学品,大量固体或者除了污水以外的其他材料,进入化粪池。)
6. The drain field is too small for the intended use, or drain field soils are inadequate to treat and move flows away from the site.
(6、排水场对于预期用途来说太小,或者排水场土壤不足以处理和移动流体远离现场。)
7. The drain field is poorly designed and installed and does not allow equal distribution of the applied flow across the field.
(7、排水场设计和安装不当,流经排水场的水流不能平均分布。)
Pre-Cast Concrete Products(预制混凝土制品)
SEPTIC TANKS:(化粪池)

Tank Size

(化粪池规格)

Length

(长)

Width

(宽)

Height

(高)

Inlet

(污水进入口距离底部高度)

Outlet

(水流出口距离底部高度)

1000 Gal.

(3.785立方米)

8’

(长2.44米)

62”

(宽1.57米)

68”

(高1.73米)

55”

(1.40米)

52”

(1.32米)

1000 Gal.Low

10’

5’

55”

46”

44”

1250 Gal.

10’

5’

68”

55”

52”

1500 Gal.

10-1/2’

68”

68”

55”

52”

2000 Gal.

(7.570立方米)

17’

62”

68”

55”

52”

3000 Gal.

(11.36立方米)

22”

68”

68”

55”

52”

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设计尺寸比较详细的一幢联体简易平房住宅图纸一例
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楼房独立住宅内部,管道系统,示意图。
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北美地区某地,一沿街位置上的4栋普通独立住宅,外观立面,局部特写。
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法国,一独立住宅院落内部,化粪池系统,布局示意图。
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与独立住宅配套的“化粪池-Septic Tank”,以及“排水场-Leach Field”,管线(pipes)系统,示意图。
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化粪池-Septic Tank;排水场-Leach Field;土壤-Soil;地下水-Groundwater
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上图,预制钢筋混凝土结构的化粪池,有3个主要组成部分:下部池体、上部顶板和检查口盖。
化粪池的容积,500加仑(约合1.89立方米);
化粪池,长67英寸(约合1.7米);宽52英寸(约合1.3米);高59英寸(约合1.5米);
污水进入口距离底部高度49.5英寸(约合1.26米)
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上图,预制钢筋混凝土结构的化粪池,有3个主要组成部分:下部池体、上部顶板和检查口盖。
化粪池的容积,1000加仑(约合3.79立方米);
化粪池,长97英寸(约合2.5米);宽67英寸(约合1.7米);高59英寸(约合1.5米);
污水进入口距离底部高度49.5英寸(约合1.26米)
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容积为1200加仑的预制钢筋混凝土结构的单隔舱化粪池
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容积为1000加仑的预制钢筋混凝土结构的2隔舱化粪池
1英寸=2.54厘米,图中尺寸,可以计算
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容积为3400升(合3.4立方米)预制钢筋混凝土结构的2隔舱化粪池
(图中尺寸,比较齐全,参考性较高) 
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底板属于现浇钢筋混凝土结构,围护墙体属于砌筑结构,3隔舱化粪池。
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整体结构的全现浇钢筋混凝土3隔舱化粪池
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[转载]国外化粪池一瞥
[转载]国外化粪池一瞥
[转载]国外化粪池一瞥
[转载]国外化粪池一瞥
[转载]国外化粪池一瞥
[转载]国外化粪池一瞥
[转载]国外化粪池一瞥

 英国化粪池示意图一例
[转载]国外化粪池一瞥

 英国化粪池一例
[转载]国外化粪池一瞥

工厂车间内部,预制钢筋混凝土结构的化粪池,制作现场,局部特写。
[转载]国外化粪池一瞥
[转载]国外化粪池一瞥
[转载]国外化粪池一瞥

 在施工现场,绑扎化粪池顶盖部分的钢筋网。
[转载]国外化粪池一瞥

 南半球澳大利亚的预制钢筋混凝土结构的化粪池一例
[转载]国外化粪池一瞥
[转载]国外化粪池一瞥
[转载]国外化粪池一瞥
[转载]国外化粪池一瞥

[转载]国外化粪池一瞥
[转载]国外化粪池一瞥

 塑料材质,或者是增强玻璃纤维FRP(Fiber Reinforced Plastic)材质(过去,俗称“玻璃钢”)的化粪池 ——
[转载]国外化粪池一瞥


[转载]国外化粪池一瞥
[转载]国外化粪池一瞥
[转载]国外化粪池一瞥
[转载]国外化粪池一瞥
[转载]国外化粪池一瞥
[转载]国外化粪池一瞥

 [转载]国外化粪池一瞥
[转载]国外化粪池一瞥
[转载]国外化粪池一瞥
[转载]国外化粪池一瞥
[转载]国外化粪池一瞥
[转载]国外化粪池一瞥
[转载]国外化粪池一瞥
[转载]国外化粪池一瞥
[转载]国外化粪池一瞥
[转载]国外化粪池一瞥
[转载]国外化粪池一瞥

 欧洲地区的部分化粪池 ——
[转载]国外化粪池一瞥
[转载]国外化粪池一瞥
[转载]国外化粪池一瞥
[转载]国外化粪池一瞥

与“化粪池”配套的“排水场”,实际施工现场 ——
经过“化粪池”厌氧发酵处理过的家庭生活废水,最终,可以进入“排水场”,一方面,可以渗透到地表土壤中,在自然环境中蒸发掉,一方面,也可以渗透进入到下面的地下水中。
这些经过“化粪池”处理过的废水,由于在家庭生活中,肯定是使用了类似洗衣粉、清洗剂、消毒液之类的化学产品,因而提取上来,用作粮食作物或者蔬菜的追肥灌溉,不太合适,但是,用作树木生长所需的施肥灌溉,应该可行。种植树木,一方面绿化环境,一方面还可生成木质颗粒燃料。木质颗粒燃料,属于是可再生循环的绿色环保的燃料产品。
[转载]国外化粪池一瞥
[转载]国外化粪池一瞥
[转载]国外化粪池一瞥
[转载]国外化粪池一瞥

“化粪池”也需要定期维护和清理 ——

 [转载]国外化粪池一瞥
[转载]国外化粪池一瞥
[转载]国外化粪池一瞥
[转载]国外化粪池一瞥
[转载]国外化粪池一瞥

 欧洲地区的部分化粪池 ——
[转载]国外化粪池一瞥
[转载]国外化粪池一瞥
[转载]国外化粪池一瞥
[转载]国外化粪池一瞥
[转载]国外化粪池一瞥
[转载]国外化粪池一瞥
[转载]国外化粪池一瞥
[转载]国外化粪池一瞥

 [转载]国外化粪池一瞥
[转载]国外化粪池一瞥
[转载]国外化粪池一瞥
[转载]国外化粪池一瞥
[转载]国外化粪池一瞥

[转载]国外化粪池一瞥

 

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